An Integrated Assessment of the Effects of Natural and Human Disturbances on a Wetland Ecosystem: A Retrospective from Phobjikha Conservation Area, Bhutan

Phobjikha Valley, a wetland situated on the western slopes of Jigme Singye Wangchuck National Park, is an important wintering habitat for the vulnerable Black-necked crane (Grus nigricollis). One of the largest high altitude wetlands in Bhutan, the valley is surrounded by an important watershed proposed as Phobjikha Landscape Conservation Area (PLCA). This study is limited to the main watershed considering the Black-necked crane habitat, Phobjikha Conservation Area (PCA). There is already great pressure on the Phobjikha wetland from changes in population dynamics, gradual land-use and cover change, waste and garbage management, drainage for commercial agriculture, and pressure to convert the wetland for economic purposes. The most significant concern is over changes in the wetland habitat and vegetation change in the core area, which is crucial for the survival of the Black-necked crane.